Dictinory

EASIER ENGLISH BASIC mental lexicon s pee EDITION mental lexicon Titles in the Series incline Langu days Easier locating Basic Synonyms 0 7475 6979 7 incline Study Dictionary 1 9016 5963 1 Easier English Student Dictionary 0 7475 6624 0 English Thesaurus for Students 1 9016 5931 3 Specialist Dictionaries Dictionary of Accounting 0 7475 6991 6 Dictionary of Banking and Finance 0 7475 6685 2 Dictionary of concern 0 7475 9680 0 Dictionary of Economics 0 7475 6632 1 Dictionary of Environment and Ecology 0 7475 7201 1 Dictionary of Hotels, Tourism and provide Management 1 9016 5999 2Dictionary of Human Resources and Personnel Management 0 7475 6623 2 Dictionary of ICT 0 7475 6990 8 Dictionary of Marketing 0 7475 6621 6 Dictionary of Medical Terms 0 7475 6987 8 Dictionary of array Terms 1 9038 5620 5 Dictionary of Nursing 0 7475 6634 8 Dictionary of Science and Technology 0 7475 6620 8 Check your English Vocabulary Workbooks Business 0 7475 6626 7 Computing 1 9016 5928 3 English for Academic Purposes 0 7475 6691 7 PET 0 7475 6627 5 FCE + 0 7475 6981 9 IELTS TOEFL 0 7475 6982 7 0 7475 6984 3 chitchat our website for full details of still our books ttp//www. bloomsbury. com/reference EASIER ENGLISH BASIC DICTIONARY SECOND EDITION General editor P. H. Collin A BLOOMSBURY REFERENCE al-Quran www. bloomsbury. com Second edition published 2004 First published in lancinate Britain 2001 Copy even out P. H. Collin, F. Collin, S. M. H. Collin 2001 This edition Copyright Bloomsbury Publishing 2004 Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 38 Soho material Lon put angio 10sin converting enzyme across W1D 3HB both rights reticuloendothelial systemerved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any(prenominal) form or by any put to guideor without the permission of the publishers. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is obtain conformed from the British Library ISBN 0 7475 6644 5 eISBN-13 978-1-4081-0202-2 Text processing a nd computing device typesetting by Bloomsbury Publishing Printed and bound in Italy by Legoprint All c every place used by Bloomsbury Publishing be natural, recyclable products made from wood gr throw in easy-managed foreticuloendothelial systemts. The manuf mortalationuring processes conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. GENERAL editor P. H. Collin Editorial Contributors Penelope Hands, Howard Sargeant Text Production and Proofreading Katy McAdam, Joel Adams, Daisy Jackson, Sarah LusznatPreface This vocabulary contains the most oft used collaboratets in English and provides the basic vocabulary undeniable for ein truthday communication by any champion starting to learn the language. It is especi tot on the wholeyy reclaimable for elementary and pre-in stipulati unitydiate students of any ages and would be suitable for those working towards an elementary aim English examination such(prenominal) as KET or PET. Each record book is individu assort defined, and no talking to, not even adverbs, be sp determinationn without a rendering. Examples be included for numerous tidingss to provide patterns for the users own production of English directences.Each sound out, including compound words and phrasal verbs, has its own easy-to-find main entry in bold type. Each word has a pronunciation in the International Ph atomic number 53tic Alphabet. Common phrases and idioms associated with the main term be come outn in bold type and separately defined in spite of appearance the entry. The retrieveings of the main common senses of each word are given understandably and simply, using a limited and easily understood vocabulary. Meanings are sort out to pick upher by their part of speech. Extra befriend is offered in Notes at the end of some entries.These include informs to the highest degree words which butt end complicated with each some another(prenominal)(a), un inveterate inflected forms and regularly collo cating prepositions. The major differences in US and British spelling are noted. A expedient companion to this dictionary is Easier English Basic Synonyms which compares and contrasts words with similar importees, wake the similarities and differences in usage. Symbols earlier a new part of speech forrader examples before a phrase or collocation before an idiom a definition of the word w dyspeptic be found at the frame indicated peculiar(a) data will be found at the place indicated i ? PronunciationThe following symbols sport been used to show the pronunciation of the main words in the dictionary. Stress has been indicated by a main stress emphasise ( ) and a secondary stress mark ( ). Note that these are hale guides, as the stress of the word reassigns according to its position in the condemn. Vowels ? ? a? a? a a ? e e? e? e? i i ? ? u u ? Consonants back harm relinquish type how hire hour course annoy head clear befuddle go word keep happy more than or less perish near annual pool book tour shut b d ? d f h j k l m n ? p r s ? t t? ? v w x z buck dead other ricochet fare gold head yellow cab move out mix nil sing print rest ave shop arrogate change theft value work loch mea trusted zone Basic. fm foliate 1 Friday, January 16, 2004 310 PM A a1 /e? /, A noun the root earn of the alpha- actu associate(prenominal)(prenominal) able manager. There are special shapeivities for able children. a bet, followed by B Do you mean dependant spelt with an a or dependent with an e? from A to Z completely, all the commission through or so /? ba? t/ preposition 1. referring to more or less something He told me all about his operation. What do you want to intercommunicate to the doctor about? 2. to be about to do something to be dismissal to do something very soon We were about to go home when you arrived. 3. ot practiced Ive been waiting for about four hours. Shes hardly about fifteen years old. how about? 1. what do you prize abo ut? We tin do-nothingt find a new ch noteperson for the club What about Sarah? 2. would you like a cup of tea? slice youre about it at the resembling meter as the thing you are doing objet dart youre about it, can you post this garner? a2 /? , e? /, an /? n, n/ article 1. one a an enormous hole a utile guidebook Shes bought a new motor elevator car. I want a cup of tea. We had to wait an hour for the bus. (NOTE an is used before words inception with a, e, i, o, u and with h if the h is not pronounced an apple or an hour. is used before words show cartridge clip with all other letter and too before u where u is pronounced /ju / a useful guidebook) 2. for each or to each Apples cost ? 1. 50 a kilo. The car was leading at 50 kilometres an hour. He earns ? 100 a day. higher up /? b v/ preposition 1. higher than higher up The political programe was flying above the clouds. The temperature in the path track was above 30 degrees. At prices above ? 20, cryptograph will buy it. 2. older than If you are above 18, you hold up to give the full fare. 3. louder than I couldnt hear the telephone above the psychological dis state of the drills. aban welcome on /? b nd? n/ verb 1. to leave a seton psyche or something in an unkind wayThe dog had been cast aside by its owner. 2. to give up or s crystalise doing something The company has get backd to abandon the project. We aban through with(p)d the idea of setting up a capital of the United Kingdom means. abbreviation /? bri vi e (? )n/ noun a abbreviation short form of a word overseas /? br? d/ adverb in or to another abroad country Theyve gone abroad on holiday. I exitd abroad for third years. ability /? b? l? ti/ noun 1. a natural tendenability cy to do something well I admire his ability to stay calm in difficult situations. We can develop their natural abilities. (NOTE The plural form form is abilities. ) Ill do it to the best of my ability Ill o it as well as I can 2. the f phone compute of world clever suitable for unlike levels of ability (NOTE no plural) absence / bs? ns/ noun the fact of beabsence ing away from a place She did not explain her absence from the coupleing. The former president was sentenced in his absence. in the absence of because mortal or something is not in that respect In the absence of the ch impartman, his deputy took over. In the absence of any official support, we had to mounting our own funds. able / e? b(? )l/ procedural 1. to be able to able do something to be capable of something or substantiate the chance to do something They werent able to find the ouse. Will you be able to murder in sense to the meeting? 2. reasoned at doing something, or good at doing many things Shes a absent / bs? nt/ procedural not in that location absent Ten of the round are absent with flu. absolute / bs? lu t/ procedural comabsolute plete or descend Basic. fm page 2 Friday, January 16, 2004 310 PM utterly 2 heed absolutely adverb 1. / bs? lu tli/ com- little gift. 2. to produce yes or to harmonize to something She contracted the offer of a job in Australia. I invited her to screw with us and she accepted. (NOTE Do not absolutely pletely I am absolutely sure I left the keys in my coat pocket. 2. / bs? lu tli/ es, of course Did you build it yourself? Absolutely absorb /? b z? b/ verb 1. to bewilder in something such as a liquid The body of water should be absorbed by the paper. Salt absorbs moisture from the give vent. 2. to reduce a shock The cars springs are supposed to absorb any shock from the road surface. soused /? b s d/ procedural completely unreasonable or impossible to believe Its absurd to expect you will win the lottery if you only buy one ticket. ill- sharement1 /? bju s/ noun 1. rude words The masses creation arrested shouted abuse at the police. 2. very bad treatment the sexual abuse of children She suffered visible abuse in prison. absorb bsurd abuse (NOTE all senses no plural) abuse2 /? bju z / verb 1. to treat someabuse one very badly, usually physically or sexually She had been maltreat as a child. 2. to settle the wrong use of something He ill-use his position as finance director. 3. to arrange rude things about soulfulness The crowd noisily abused the group of politicians as they entered the building. academic / k? dem? k/ adjective 1. relating to study at a university Members of the academic staff let a letter from the principal. 2. only in theory, not in practice It is only of academic interest. i noun a university teacher All her friends are academics. ccelerate /? k sel? re? t/ verb to go faster bundle for grantedt accelerate when you get to traffic lights. accent / ks? nt/ noun 1. a grouchy way of pronouncing something He speaks with an the Statesn accent. 2. the stronger or louder part of a word or sentence In the word letter the accent is on the first syllable. 3. a mark over a letter showing a particular way of pronouncing it Cafe has an accent on t he e. accept /? k sept/ verb 1. to take and keep a impersonate We hope you will accept this academic accelerate accent accept confuse with except. ) pleasing /? k sept? b(? )l/ adjective acceptable good enough to be accepted, although ot particularly good Fighting in the street is not acceptable behaviour. Smoking is becoming less socially acceptable. A small gift of flowers would be very acceptable. The offer is not acceptable to the vendor. entry / kses/ noun a way of reaching a place The design hall has access for wheelchairs. At present there is no access to the site. to flummox access to something to be able to reach a place, meet a person, or obtain something Ill live with access to the studio day and night. The company has access to substantial funds. i verb to get tuition from a computer She tried to access the cross list. stroke / ks? d(? nt/ noun 1. an dreadful thing which receives and causes damage or injury He lost his nog in an virgule at work. She was ob scure in a car accident and had to go to hospital. 2. something that happens unexpectedly Their third baby was an accident. by accident without be intend or expected He found the wanting(p) papers by accident. accidental / ks? dent(? )l/ adjective happening without being planned or expected an accidental meeting accidental damage His remnant was not accidental. acciden in height(predicate)y / ks? dent(? )li/ adverb without being planned or expected adaption /? k? m? de (? )n/ noun a place to live or someplace to tay for a short time Are you stock-still looking for re countersinkment? Visitors have difficulty in finding hotel accommodation during the summer. (NOTE In Britaccess accident accidental accidentally accommodation ish English, accommodation has no plural. ) accompany /? k mp(? )ni/ verb 1. to accompany go with soulfulness or something She accompanied me to the door. 2. to walkover a musical instrument while someone Basic. fm Page 3 Friday, January 16, 2004 310 PM a ccomplish else plays another instrument or sings She sang and was accompanied on the piano by her father. (NOTE accompanied by someone or something) accomplish /? k mpl / verb to do omething successfully You wint accomplish anything by arguing. according to /? k? d tu / preposition 1. as someone assures or writes The washing machine was installed according to the manufacturers instructions. According to the police, the car was going too fast. 2. in correspondence with rules or a system Everything went according to plan or schedule. 3. in tattle to The teachers have separated the children into classes according to their ages. draw /? ka? nt/ noun 1. aforesaid(prenominal) as bullion box account 2. I was worried on her account I was get downed something might happen to her on account of because of, due to The t rainfalls are juvenile n account of the fog. We dont use the car frequently on account of the price of petrol. take something into account to consider something We h ave to take the weather into account. on no account not at all accurate / kj? r? t/ adjective correct in all details Are the figures accurate? We asked them to make an accurate double of the plan. accurately / kj? r? tli/ adverb correctly The weather forecast accurately predicted the storm. agitate /? kju z/ verb to say that someone has make something wrong The police charge her of stealing the money. (NOTE You accuse someone of a accomplish according to account accurate accurately accuse rime or of doing something. ) achieve /? t? i v/ verb to succeed in doachieve ing something later trying very hard flummox you achieved all your aims? The company has achieved with child(p) success in the USA. achievement /? t? i vm? nt/ noun something which has been done successfully She is very soft about her achievements. Coming sixth was a great achievement, since he had never entered the competition before. achievement 3 meet acid / s? d/ noun a chemical philia acid that is able to d issolve metals declare /? k n? l? d / verb 1. to ac whopledge say that something has been received She didnt ac enjoyledge receiving my etter. 2. to accept that something is true She acknowledged that she had date stampn me there. acknowledgement /? k n? l? d m? nt/ noun a letter or note sent to say that something has been received acorn / e? k? n/ noun the fruit of an oak tree acquaintance /? kwe? nt? ns/ noun a person you know slightly She has many acquaintances in the travel industry but no substantive friends. acquire /? kwa / verb to cash in ones chips the owner of something She has acquired a large sight of old books. across /? kr? s/ preposition 1. from one side to the other Dont run across the road without looking to cover if there is any traffic coming. 2. n the other side of He axiom her across the street. i adverb from one side to the other The river is only twenty honorariumt across. The stream is very narrow you can easily jump across. act / kt/ noun 1. somethi ng which is done He thanked her for the many acts of kindness she had shown him over the years. 2. a part of a play or show Act 2 of the play takes place in the garden. 3. a short performance The show includes acts by several young singers. 4. a law avenueed by sevens an act to ban the sale of weapons i verb 1. to do something You will have to act quickly if you want to stop the fire. She acted in a very responsible way. o act as someone or something to do the work of someone or something The thick curtain acts as a screen to cut out noise from the street. 2. to behave in a particular way Shes been acting very strangely. to get your act together to organise yourself properly If they dont get their act together, theyll miss their train. action / k n/ noun 1. the fact of doing something We recommend energetic acacknowledgement acorn acquaintance acquire across act action Basic. fm Page 4 Friday, January 16, 2004 310 PM active tion to prevent the enigma spreading. What action are you going to take to prevent accidents? ut of action not working The car has been out of action for a week. 2. something that is done Theyve shown their commitment by their actions. 3. a figurehead Avoid sudden actions that could outrage the creatures. 4. the things that happen in a performance such as a play or film The action of the play takes place in a flat in London. 5. a case in a law court where someone tries to get money from someone else to bring an action for damages against someone active / kt? v/ adjective 1. involved in active an activity or activities, particularly in an mobile way He didnt play an active part in the attack on the police station.My grandmother is still very active at the age of 88. 2. (of a volcano) exploding or likely to explode Scientists think the volcano is no immenseer active. 3. the form of a verb which shows that the subject is doing something (NOTE If you say the car hit him the verb is active, but in he was hit by the car it is passive. ) activity / k t? v? ti/ noun 1. the act or activity fact of being active 2. something that someone does to pass time pleasantly Children are offered various holiday activities sailing, windsurfing and water-skiing. (NOTE The plural in this sense is activities. ) actor / kt? / noun a person who acts in actor he theatre, in films or on TV actress / ktr? s/ noun a c tilt lady who actress acts in the theatre, in films or on TV (NOTE more women favour to call themselves actors rather than actresses. ) actual / kt? u? l/ adjective real actual It looks quite small but the actual height is 5 metres. Her actual words were much stronger. actually / kt? u? li/ adverb unfeignedly actually It looks quite small, but actually it is over 5 metres high. He said he was ill, but actually he wanted to go to the football match. 4 address ad / d/ noun an advertisement (informal ) ad If you want to sell your car quickly, put an ad in the paper. adapt /? d pt/ verb 1. o change something to be suitable for a new situation She adapted the story for TV. The car has been adapted for change drivers. 2. to change your behaviour to fit into a new situation Well all have to learn to adapt to the new system. convertible /? d pt? b(? )l/ adjective able to change or be changed easily to involve with new situations or uses add / d/ verb 1. to make a total of come If you add all these numbers together it should make fifty. (NOTE Addadapt adaptable add ing is usually shown by the sign + 10 + 4 = 14. ) 2. to join one thing to another Interest is added to the account monthly. Add ii cupfuls of sugar.Put a teabag into the pot and add boiling water. By building the annexe, they have added thirty rooms to the hotel. 3. to say or to write something more I have zip to add to what I put in my letter. She added that we still owed her some money for work she did last month. add up phrasal verb to make a total the figures do not add up the total is not correct addition /? d (? )n/ noun 1. someone or something added to something else the latest addition to the family He showed us the additions to his collection of paintings. 2. the act of adding figures to make a total You dont need a information processing system to do a simple addition. n addition to as well as There are twelve registered letters to be sent in addition to this parcel. in addition as well in addition to as well as There are twelve registered letters to be sent in addition to this parcel. additional /? d (? )n? l/ adjective included as well as what there is already address /? dres/ noun 1. a set of details of the number of a house, the name of a street and the town where someone lives or flora What is the doctors address? Our address is 1 Cambridge Road, Teddington, Middlesex. 2. the set of letters, symbols and numbers that addition additional address Basic. m Page 5 Friday, January 16, 2004 310 PM address book identify someones email account i verb 1. to write details such as someones name, street and tow n on a letter or parcel That letter is addressed to me dont impolite it 2. to speak or write to someone Please address your questions to the information office. Teachers are not normally addressed as Sir here. 3. to make a formal speech to a group The chairman addressed the meeting. address book /? dres b? k/ noun a address book notebook or computer file in which you can record the great unwasheds names, home addresses, telephone numbers and email addresses adequate / d? kw? / adjective 1. adequate enough for a purpose We dont have adequate supplies for the whole journey. His salary alone is barely adequate. 2. only just satisfactory adhesive /? d hi s? v/ adjective able to stick to things i noun a join which sticks things together adhesive adjacent /? d e? s(? )nt/ adjective very adjacent close to or around affecting something My office is in an adjacent building. adjective / d ? kt? v/ noun a word which describes a noun In the phrase a tremendous black cloud, big and black are both adjectives. adjective coif /? d adjust st/ verb to make a slight change to something I need to adjust his belt a bit. to adjust to something to become used to something How are you adjusting to being a parent? admiration / dm? re (? )n/ noun readmiration spect for someone or something admire /? d ma / verb to consider admire someone or something with approval He was prise for his skill as a violinist. We admired the view from the balcony. admission /? d m (? )n/ noun 1. the act admission or fact of being allowed to go in to a place admission to the exhibition is free on Sundays. My friend was refused admission to the restaurant because he was not wearing a tie. no admission no one can enter 2. statement saying that something bad is true Her 5 usefulness admission that she had taken the money led to her arrest. admission fee /? d m (? )n fi / noun an come in of money pay to go into a place such as a museum admit /? d m? t/ verb to allow someone to go in to a place Chil dren are admitted free, but big(p)s have to pay. This ticket admits common chord people. (NOTE admits admitting admitted) to admit (to) doing something to say that you have done something wrong They admitted stealing the car. adopt /? d? pt/ verb 1. to take someone legally as a son or daughter They have adopted a little boy. 2. o decide to start using something The book has been adopted for use in all English classes. We need to adopt a more flexible approach. honor /? d? / verb to like someone or something very much adult / d lt/ noun a fully- big(a) person i adjective 1. fully grown an adult tiger 2. relating to a mature person or people adult fiction wage hike /? d v? ns/ verb to move former The police slowly advanced across the square. i noun 1. a movement forwards The police have made some advances in their rubbish against crime. The team made an advance into their opponents half. 2. money paid as a loan or as a part of a requital o be made by and by i adjective done before something happens She made an advance payment of ? 3000. in advance earlier than the time something happens You essential phone in advance to make an ap smearment. They asked us to pay ?200 in advance. advanced /? d v? nst/ adjective which is studied at a higher level Hes studying advanced mathematics. Shes studying for an advanced degree. advantage /? d v? nt? d / noun something which will booster you to be successful creation able to drive a car is an advantage. Knowledge of cardinal international languages is an advantage in this job. She has several advantages over the other job candidates. o take advanadmission fee admit adopt adore adult advance advanced advantage Basic. fm Page 6 Friday, January 16, 2004 310 PM adventure tage of something to profit from something They took advantage of the cheap fares on offer. to take advantage of someone to get something unto (good or fairly from someone best) advantage in a way that helps someone or something appear curiously good She used her knowledge of Italian to good advantage. adventure /? d vent / noun a new, exciting and d furyous experience I must tell you about our adventures in the desert. adverb / dv b/ noun a word which applies to a verb, an adjective, another dverb or a whole sentence In the sentence He walked slowly, because the snow was very thick. both slowly and very are adverbs. unfavourable / dv s/ adjective (of condian tions) unpleasant and unwanted adverse chemical reaction adverse effects advert / dv t/ noun aforesaid(prenominal) as adveradventure adverb adverse advert tisement advertise / dv? ta? z/ verb to make advertise sure that people know that something is for sale, or that something is going to happen The company is ad for secretaries. Did you see that the restaurant is advertising cheap meals on Sundays? I saw this watch advertised in the paper. advertisement /? d v t? sm? nt/ noun n announcement which tries to make sure that people know that something is for sale, or t hat something is going to happen advertising / dv? ta? z / noun the act of making sure that people know that something is for sale, or that something is going to happen The company has increased the amount of money it spends on advertising. They spent millions on the advertising campaign. advice /? d va? s/ noun an tactual sensation that someone gives you about what you should do He went to the bank manager for advice on how to pay his debts. They would not mind to the doctors advice. My grandfather gave me a very useful spot of advice.His mothers advice was to stay in bed. (NOTE no pluadvertisement advertising advice 6 afraid ral use some advice or, for one item, a piece of advice) propose /? d va? z/ verb 1. to suggest to advise someone what they should do He counsel her to save some of the money. 2. to tell someone officially that something has happened (formal ) They advised us that the sale of the house had been completed. adviser /? d va? z? /, advisor noun someone who h elps people to make decisions about what to do aerial / e? ri? l/ noun a piece of equipment for receiving radio or TV signals airplane / e? r? ple? n/ noun a vehicle hich flies in the air, carrying passengers or goods routine /? fe? / noun 1. something which is relevant to one person or group of people only Thats his affair its nothing to do with me. Its an affair for the police. His business affairs were very complicated. 2. a sexual relationship with someone who is not your husband or married woman Hes having an affair with his bosss wife. 3. an event The political party is just a family affair. 4. an event or situation that shocks people The whole sorry affair was on the antecedent end page of the newspapers for days. i plural noun affairs situations or activities relating to public or private life carry on /? ekt/ verb to have an influence on someone or something The new regulations have affected our business. Train services have been seriously affected by the strike. aff ection /? fek n/ noun a aspecting of liking someone, especially a friend She invariably spoke of him with great affection. break /? f? d/ verb to have enough money to pay for something How will you afford such an expensive holiday? be unable to afford, cant afford to be unable to accept something because it might cause you a business I cant afford a delay of more than three weeks. afraid /? fre? d/ adjective 1. frightened of something or someone I am afraid of nakes. He is too afraid to ascent the ladder. 2. to be afraid (that) to be adviser aerial aeroplane affair affect affection afford afraid Basic. fm Page 7 Friday, January 16, 2004 310 PM after sorry to say Im afraid that all the cakes have been sold. You cant see the boss Im afraid hes ill. Have you got a pocket calculator? No, Im afraid not. after / ? ft? / preposition 1. following or next in order to If instantly is Tuesday, the day after tomorrow is Thursday. They spoke one after the other. Whats the letter after Q in the first principle? after you you go first 2. later than We arrived after six o measure.We dont let the children go out alone after dark. i participation later than a time by and by the snow send packing, the motorways were blocked. Phone me after you get home. (NOTE after after is used with many phrasal verbs to look after, to take after, etc. ) after all 1. in spite of everything Everything was all right after all. 2. the fact is He should be OK after all, he is eighteen now. good afternoon / ? ft? nu n/ noun the time amid twelve noon and the evening He always has a little sleep in the afternoon. There is an afternoon flight to Paris. Can we meet tomorrow afternoon? afterwards / ? ft? w? dz/ adverb laterWell have lunch first and go shopping afterwards. again /? en/ adverb 1. another time He had to take his driving test again. again and again several times, usually in a firm or determined way The police ships officer asked the same question again and again. 2. back as yo u were before Although I like going on holiday, Im always jolly to be home again. against /? enst/ preposition 1. so as to touch He was leaning against the wall. She hit her head against the low doorway. 2. in opposition to Eng region is playing against south Africa tomorrow. Its hard cycling uphill against the wind. They went against his advice. age /e? / noun the number of years which you have lived She is thirty years of age. He looks younger than his age. i plural noun ages a very long time (informal ) Ive been waiting here for ages. It took us ages to get served. afternoon afterwards again against age 7 system aged /e? d d/ adjective with the age of 1 aged a girl aged society She died last year, aged 83. aged2 / e? d ? d/ adjective very old an aged man agency / e? d ? nsi/ noun an office which represents another firm an advertising agency agenda /? d end? / noun a list of points for discussion whats on the agenda? what are we going to discuss? i a set of hings that someone plans to do top of your agenda what someone wants most A holiday is top of my agenda at present. component / e? d ? nt/ noun a person who works for or represents someone else Our head office is in London but we have an agent in Paris. aggression /? re? (? )n/ noun a feeling of peevishness against someone that is expressed, especially in physical tie an act of aggression an attack on someone aggressive /? res? v/ adjective ready to attack someone aggressively /? res? vli/ adverb as if wanting to attack someone ago /? / adverb in the yesteryear He phoned a few minutes ago. This all happened a long time ago. NOTE ago aged agency agenda agent aggression aggressive aggressively ago always follows a word referring to time. ) agree /? ri / verb 1. to say yes or give agree permission After some discussion he agreed to our plan. (NOTE You agree to or on a plan. ) 2. to say or show that you have the same opinion as someone else Most of the group agreed with her suggestion. parallelism / ? ri m? nt/ noun 1. the act or fact of thinking the same to reach an agreement or to come to an agreement on salaries Agreement between the two sides is still a long way off. they are in agreement with our plan they agree with our plan We discussed he plan with them and they are in agreement. 2. a contract to draw up or to draft an agreement We signed an agreement with the Italian company. agreement Basic. fm Page 8 Friday, January 16, 2004 310 PM ahead ahead /? hed/ adverb 1. in strawman ahead Our team was losing, but now we are ahead again. fulfil on ahead and find some seats for us. You need to go straight ahead, and then turn left. 2. in future My diary is fill up with appointments for six weeks ahead. 3. before We try to fill the vacancies at least three weeks ahead. ahead of /? hed ? v/ 1. in front of Ahead of us was a steep hill. They ran on ahead of the others. 2. in future time You have a mass of work ahead of you. 3. before (informal ) They drafted in extra police ahead of the international match. aid /e? d/ noun 1. help, especially money, food or other gifts given to people living in difficult conditions aid to the earthquake zone an aid worker (NOTE This meaning of aid has no plural. ) in aid of in order to help We give money in aid of the Red Cross. They are assemblage money in aid of refugees. 2. something which helps you to do something kitchen aids i verb 1. to help something to happen 2. to help someone aim /e? m/ noun what you are trying to do His aim is to do well at give lessons and hen go to university. One of our aims is to increase the speed of service. i verb 1. to plan to do something We aim to go on holiday in June. 2. to point a gun at someone or something He was aiming or aiming a gun at the policeman. air /e? / noun 1. a diverseness of gases which cannot be seen, but which is all around us and which every animal breathes His breath was like steam in the cold air. 2. the air the berth around things and above the grunge He thr ew the ball up into the air. (NOTE These meanings of air have no plural. ) i adjective referring to a method of travelling or sending goods using aircraft new air routes y air in an aircraft I dont enjoy travelling by air. Its quicker to send the letter by air. i verb to make a room or clothes fresh by bountiful them more air permits open the windows to air the room. aircraft / e? kr? ft/ noun a vehicle which flies in the air The passengers got into or boarded the aircraft. The skyway aid aim air aircraft 8 vital has a fleet of ten aircraft. (NOTE The plural is aircraft one aircraft, six aircraft. ) airfare / e? fe? / noun the amount of money a passenger has to pay to travel on an aircraft air force / e? f? s/ noun a countrys military air organisation airline / e? la? n/ noun a company which akes people or goods to places in aircraft The airline has been voted the most popular with business travellers. Hes an airline pilot. airplane / e? ple? n/ noun US an aircraft airport / e? p? t/ noun a place where aircraft land and take off You can take the underground to the airport. We are due to arrive at Heathrow drome at high noon. qui vive /? l? m/ noun 1. a loud warning sound An appal will sound if someone touches the wire. to raise the alarm to warn everyone of danger 2. same as alarm clock i verb to frighten someone I dont want to alarm you, but theres a police car park outside your house. alarm clock /? ? m kl? k/ noun a clock which rings a bell to wake you up album / lb? m/ noun 1. a large book 2. a collection of songs on a CD, cassette or record alcoholic drink / lk? h? l/ noun a substance in drinks such as beer or wine that can make people drunk They will not serve alcohol to anyone under the age of 18. alcoholic / lk? h? l? k/ adjective relating to alcohol alert /? l t/ adjective watching or listening carefully, ready to notice something alike /? la? k/ adjective very similar i adverb in a similar way My sister and I just dont think alike. The chang e will affect rich and poor alike. alert /? la? v/ adjective 1. iving He was still alive when he was rescued from the enthusiastic building. When my grandfather was alive, there were no supermarkets. (NOTE not used in front of a noun the fish is alive but a live fish. ) 2. blue airfare air force airline airplane airport alarm alarm clock album alcohol alcoholic alert alike alive Basic. fm Page 9 Friday, January 16, 2004 310 PM all The holiday village really comes alive to come alive to become at night. busy and active all /? l/ adjective, pronoun everything or all everyone They all or All of them like coffee. All trains stop at Clapham Junction. Did you pick all (of) the tomatoes?Where are all the children? i adverb 1. completely The ground was all white after the snow had fallen. I forgot all about her birthday. 2. all by yourself all alone You cant do it all by yourself. Im all by myself this evening my girlfriends gone out. all on right from the beginning all at once suddenl y all in 1. shopworn out 2. including everything all of a sudden suddenly all over 1. everywhere over something 2. finished all right well She was ill yesterday but shes all right now. all the same in spite of this Im not really keen on horror films, but Ill go with you all the same. supersensitised /? l d ? k/ adjective suffering llergic from or referring to an allergic reaction to be allergic to to react badly to a substance Many people are allergic to grass pollen. She is allergic to cats. 9 first rudimentical Jack has been my closest ally in the campaign. ally2 /? la? / verb to ally yourself with or to someone to join forces with someone The unions have allied themselves with the opposition. (NOTE allies ally allying allied) almost / ? lm st/ adverb nearly almost London is almost as far from here as Paris. Shes almost as tall as I am. Shell eat almost anything. Hurry up, its almost time for the train to leave. alone /? l n/ adjective 1. with no one lse She lives alone with her cats. He was all alone in the shop. 2. only She alone knew the importance of the message. i adverb without other people We dont let the children go out alone after dark. I dont like travelling alone. leave alone 1. not to tinge someone Leave your sister alone, shes trying to read. 2. to stop touching or playing with something Leave the cat alone, it doesnt like being stroked. Leave those keys alone, the noise is annoying me. to go it alone to do something, especially a business activity, without help from anyone along /? l / preposition 1. by the side of He has place fruit trees along oth sides of the garden path. The river runs along one side of the castle. 2. in a straight forward direction She ran along the pavement. Walk along the street until you come to the post office. I was just driving along when I caught sight of my brother. 3. to a place commode came along after about five minutes. Is it ok if I bring a friend along? loud /? la? d/ adverb in a voice which can be easily heard alphabet / lf? bet/ noun a series of letters in a particular(prenominal) order, e. g. A, B, C, etc G comes before H in the alphabet. If youre going to Greece on holiday, you ought to learn the Greek alphabet. alphabetical / lf? bet? k(? l/ adjective relating to the alphabet in alphabetical order in order of the first letter of each word The words in the dictionary are in alphabetical order. Sort out the address cards into alphabetical order of the peoples names. alone along allergy / l? d i/ noun a bad reaction to allergy a substance which makes you sneeze, or makes your skin itch, e. g. She has an allergy to household dust. The baby has a husk allergy. allow /? la? / verb to let someone do allow something She allowed me to dramatize her book. Smoking is not allowed in the restaurant. You are allowed to take two pieces of have luggage onto the plane. allowance /? a ns/ noun 1. an allowance amount of money paid to someone regularly a weekly allowance 2. an amount of money which you are allowed to earn without paying tax on it 3. to make allowances for to take something into account You must make allowances for his age. ally1 / la? / noun 1. a country which ally works together with another, especially in a war (NOTE The plural is allies. ) 2. someone who is willing to support you in something you want to achieve aloud alphabet alphabetical Basic. fm Page 10 Friday, January 16, 2004 310 PM already already /? l redi/ adverb before now or already Ive albefore the time mentioned eady done my shopping. It was already quondam(prenominal) ten oclock when he arrived. also / ? ls / adverb in addition to something or someone else that has been mentioned Hes a keen cyclist and his sister also likes to cycle when she can. She sings well and can also play the violin. (NOTE also is usually placed bealso fore the main verb or after a modal or auxiliary verb. ) manipulate / ? lt? / verb to become different, or alter make something different, especially in sma ll ways or in parts only They wanted to alter the terms of the contract after they had signed it. The shape of his face had altered slightly. alteration / ? lt? re (? )n/ noun 1. the ct of becoming different or of making something different 2. something that has been, or needs, changing She made some alterations in the design. alternate1 /? l t n? t/ adjective every other one We see each other on alternate Sundays. alternate2 / ? lt? ne? t/ verb to keep changing from one particular position or state to another alternative /? l t n? t? v/ adjective 1. in place of something else If the plane is full, we will put you on an alternative flight. Do you have an alternative solution? 2. following a different way from usual i noun something which you do instead of something else Now that shes ill, do we have any alternative o calling the holiday off? although /? l / conjunction in spite of the fact that Although it was freezing, she didnt put a coat on. Ive never been into that shop althou gh Ive often walked past it. altogether / ? lt? e / adverb taking everything together The food was ? 10 and the drinks ? 5, so that makes ? 15 altogether. The staff of the three shops come to 200 altogether. always / ? lwe? z/ adverb 1. every time She is always late for work. Why does it always rain when we want to go for a walk? 2. all the time Its always alteration alternate alternate alternative although altogether always 10 amount hot in tropical countries. . frequently, especially when someone finds it anShes always asking me to noying lend her money. am /? m, m/ foremost person present singular of be a. m. / e? em/ adverb before midday I have to catch the 7 a. m. train to work every day. Telephone calls made before 6 a. m. are supercharged at the cheap rate. (NOTE a. m. is usually used to am a. m. show the lead hour and the word oclock is left out) amazement /? me? zm? nt/ noun great amazement surprise To his amazement he won first prize. surprise /? me? z / adjective 1. v ery surprising It was amazing that she never venture anything. 2. extremely It was an interesting and unusual mazing experience, sailing so far from land at night. ambition / m b (? )n/ noun a wish to do something special His great ambition is to ride on an elephant. ambulance / mbj? l? ns/ noun a van which carries sick or injured people to hospital When she fell down the stairs, her husband called an ambulance. American /? mer? k? n/ adjective relating to America or to the United States among /? m ? /, amongst /? m ? st/ preposition 1. surrounded by or in the middle of He was standing among a crowd of tourists. 2. between a number of people in a group Lets share the cake among us. 3. in addition to other people or things Jack was there, mong others. amount /? ma? nt/ noun a quantity of something such as money The amount in my bank account has reached ? 1000. We spent a large amount of time just waiting. a trustworthy amount some but not a lot video the house will take a certain amount of time. amount to phrasal verb 1. to make a total of My years nest egg amount to less than ? 1000. 2. to be similar or equal to something I think what he said amounts to a refusal to take part. 3. to amount to the same thing to mean the amazing ambition ambulance American among amount Basic. fm Page 11 Friday, January 16, 2004 310 PM beguile same, to be the same Whether he took ash or free holidays, it all amounts to the same thing. The remaining problems dont amount to much. amuse /? mju z/ verb 1. to make someone laugh This story will amuse you. to amuse yourself to play or get pleasure from what you are doing The children amused themselves quietly while their parents talked. 2. to make the time pass pleasantly for someone How can we amuse the children on the journey? amusement /? mju zm? nt/ noun 1. a feeling of pleasure caused by something that is funny 2. to someones amusement making someone feel pleasure in a funny situation Much to her amusement, the band played Hap py Birthday to you . 3. a way of passing the time pleasantly They had planned several visits for the guests amusement. amusing /? mju z / adjective funny an /? n, n/ ? a analysis /? n l? s? s/ noun a close examination of the parts or elements of something job analysis to make an analysis of the sales or a sales analysis to carry out an analysis of the market voltage (NOTE The plural is analyses /? n l? si z/. ) ancient / e? n nt/ adjective very old, or belonging to a time long ago He was riding an ancient bicycle. and /? n, ? nd, nd/ conjunction used to join two words or phrases All my uncles and aunts live in the country.The children were running about and singing. Come and sit down next to me. amuse amusement amusing an analysis ancient and (NOTE and is used to say numbers after 100 seven hundred and two and so on, and so forth, (702)) and so on and so forth with other similar things He talked about plants, flowers, vegetables, and so on. anger / ? ?/ noun a feeling of being very annoyed He managed to control his anger. She couldnt hide the anger she felt. angle / ? ?l/ noun a corner where two lines meet She planted the tree in the angle of the two walls. at an angle anger angle 11 annoying not straight The shop front is at an angle to the road. ngrily / ? r? li/ adverb in an angry way He shouted angrily when the children climbed over the fence. angry / ? ri/ adjective humbled and annoyed, and sometimes wanting to harm someone The shopkeeper is angry with the children because they bust his window. He gets angry if the post is late. I am angry that the political sympathies is doing nothing to prevent crime. When the cashier still hadnt arrived at midday the boss got even angrier. angrily angry (NOTE angrier angriest) animal / n? m(? )l/ noun a living thing animal that moves independently I love having animals as pets. (NOTE animal may include humans in scientific contexts. )